Integration of 3D-printed middle ear models and middle ear prostheses in otosurgical training.

BACKGROUND: In otosurgical training, cadaveric temporal bones are primarily used to provide a realistic tactile experience. However, using cadaveric temporal bones is challenging due to their limited availability, high cost, and potential for infection. Utilizing current three-dimensional (3D) technologies could overcome the limitations associated with cadaveric bones. This study focused on how a 3D-printed middle ear model can be used in otosurgical training. METHODS: A cadaveric temporal bone was imaged using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) to generate a 3D model of the middle ear. The final model was printed from transparent photopolymers using a laser-based 3D printer (vat photopolymerization), yielding a 3D-printed phantom of the external ear canal and middle ear. The feasibility of this phantom for otosurgical training was evaluated through an ossiculoplasty simulation involving ten otosurgeons and ten otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (ORL-HNS) residents. The participants were tasked with drilling, scooping, and placing a 3D-printed partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP). Following the simulation, a questionnaire was used to collect the participants' opinions and feedback. RESULTS: A transparent photopolymer was deemed suitable for both the middle ear phantom and PORP. The printing procedure was precise, and the anatomical landmarks were recognizable. Based on the evaluations, the phantom had realistic maneuverability, although the haptic feedback during drilling and scooping received some criticism from ORL-HNS residents. Both otosurgeons and ORL-HNS residents were optimistic about the application of these 3D-printed models as training tools. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D-printed middle ear phantom and PORP used in this study can be used for low-threshold training in the future. The integration of 3D-printed models in conventional otosurgical training holds significant promise.

Diagnostic and Imaging Findings in Inflammatory Opacifications of the Middle Ear: A Review of the Literature.

Opacification in the middle ear and mastoid region can stem from a wide range of factors. In terms of diagnostic imaging, CT is the primary tool due to its exceptional spatial resolution, particularly for examining the temporal bone and ossicles. MRI complements this by offering detailed soft tissue lesion characterization and assessing involvement in the inner ear and cranial nerves. This study focuses on inflammatory causes of opacification in the middle ear and mastoid, with an emphasis on the utility of CT and MRI. This comprehensive review aimed to provide a practical framework for considering potential differential diagnoses.

Localization of the Vertical Part of the Facial Nerve in the High-Resolution Computed Tomography During Pediatric Cochlear Implantation.

BACKGROUND: This study proposed a classification of the vertical portion of the facial nerve (VPFN) location, incorporating the previous classifications regarding the posterior-to-anterior and medial-to-lateral dimensions. We also evaluated the implication of this proposed classification on the round window visibility during pediatric cochlear implantation (CI). METHODS: It was a retrospective multicenter observational cohort study. This study included 334 cases that underwent CI between 2015 and 2022 at multiple referral institutes. Two physicians evaluated the preoperative computed tomography images of 334 patients and determined the radiological type of the VPFN. These types were matched with intraoperative round window accessibility. RESULTS: The Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a strong correlation between the proposed VPFN type and the intraoperative round window visibility, as the P-value was <.001. CONCLUSION: This classification could provide the surgeon preoperatively with the precise location of the VPFN in the lateral-to-medial and posterior-to-anterior dimensions. Furthermore, this location classification of the VPFN was significantly correlated with intraoperative round window accessibility, with an accuracy of 90.42%. Therefore, types C and D were expected to have difficult accessibility into the round window, and more surgical interventions were needed to modify the posterior tympanotomy or use other approaches.

Variability in Manual Segmentation of Temporal Bone Structures in Cone Beam CT Images.

PURPOSE: Manual segmentation of anatomical structures is the accepted "gold standard" for labeling structures in clinical images. However, the variability in manual segmentation of temporal bone structures in CBCT images of the temporal bone has not been systematically evaluated using multiple reviewers. Therefore, we evaluated the intravariability and intervariability of manual segmentation of inner ear structures in CBCT images of the temporal bone. METHODS: Preoperative CBCTs scans of the inner ear were obtained from 10 patients who had undergone cochlear implant surgery. The cochlea, facial nerve, chorda tympani, mid-modiolar (MM) axis, and round window (RW) were manually segmented by five reviewers in two separate sessions that were at least 1 month apart. Interreviewer and intrareviewer variabilities were assessed using the Dice coefficient (DICE), volume similarity, mean Hausdorff Distance metrics, and visual review. RESULTS: Manual segmentation of the cochlea was the most consistent within and across reviewers with a mean DICE of 0.91 (SD = 0.02) and 0.89 (SD = 0.01) respectively, followed by the facial nerve with a mean DICE of 0.83 (SD = 0.02) and 0.80 (SD = 0.03), respectively. The chorda tympani had the greatest amount of reviewer variability due to its thin size, and the location of the centroid of the RW and the MM axis were also quite variable between and within reviewers. CONCLUSIONS: We observed significant variability in manual segmentation of some of the temporal bone structures across reviewers. This variability needs to be considered when interpreting the results in studies using one manual reviewer.

Intraoperative hybrid technique for excision of temporal bone paraganglioma: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Temporal bone paragangliomas are vascularized neoplasms. Although preoperative angioembolization serves as a valuable approach to reduce intraoperative blood loss, it comes with an elevated risk of cranial neuropathies, offers no assurance of complete hemostasis, and precludes real-time adjustments during surgery. METHODS: A 74-year-old patient presented with recurrent episodes of ear bleeding. On examination, a vascular lesion obstructed her external auditory canal. It had the clinical and radiological characteristics of a paraganglioma. Angiography revealed that it had three feeding vessels. RESULTS: The patient was successfully scheduled for hybrid, intraoperative angiography and temporary balloon occlusion of the feeding vessels supplying the lesion instead of preoperative angioembolization. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing hybrid intraoperative angiography with temporary balloon occlusion during the surgical removal of temporal bone paragangliomas represents an innovative technique that reduces the risk of permanent cranial neuropathies while providing the capacity for real-time adjustments and improved hemostasis.

Intracochlear Trauma and Local Ossification Patterns Differ Between Straight and Precurved Cochlear Implant Electrodes.

HYPOTHESIS: Trauma to the osseous spiral lamina (OSL) or spiral ligament (SL) during cochlear implant (CI) insertion segregates with electrode type and induces localized intracochlear ossification and fibrosis. BACKGROUND: The goal of atraumatic CI insertion is to preserve intracochlear structures, limit reactive intracochlear tissue formation, and preserve residual hearing. Previous qualitative studies hypothesized a localized effect of trauma on intracochlear tissue formation; however, quantitative studies failed to confirm this. METHODS: Insertional trauma beyond the immediate insertion site was histologically assessed in 21 human temporal bones with a CI. Three-dimensional reconstructions were generated and virtually resectioned perpendicular to the cochlear spiral at high resolution. The cochlear volume occupied by ossification or fibrosis was determined at the midpoint of the trauma and compared with regions proximal and distal to this point. RESULTS: Seven cases, all implanted with precurved electrodes, showed an OSL fracture beyond the immediate insertion site. Significantly more intracochlear ossification was observed at the midpoint of the OSL fracture, compared with the -26 to -18 degrees proximal and 28 to 56 degrees distal to the center. No such pattern was observed for fibrosis. In the 12 cases with a perforation of the SL (9 straight and 3 precurved electrodes), no localized pattern of ossification or fibrosis was observed around these perforations. CONCLUSION: OSL fractures were observed exclusively with precurved electrodes in this study and may serve as a nidus for localized intracochlear ossification. Perforation of the SL, in contrast, predominantly occurred with straight electrodes and was not associated with localized ossification.

Eagle Syndrome: An Unusual Cause of Axial Neck Pain: A Case Report.

CASE: A 42-year-old woman presented with left-sided axial neck pain with radiation behind left ear of 3 months unresponsive to conservative treatment. As clinical examination revealed tenderness anterior to the mastoid process, she was referred to an otolaryngologist. Computed tomography showed an elongated left styloid process. Diagnostic local anesthetic infiltration provided complete pain relief confirming the diagnosis of Eagle syndrome (ES) after which a transoral excision of the left styloid process was performed. She was asymptomatic till the final follow-up of 15 months. CONCLUSION: ES should be considered in differential diagnosis of axial neck pain radiating to ear, and excision of the styloid process in resistant cases provides complete pain relief.

Association of the superior semicircular canal and tegmen tympani dehiscences and its relationship with the pneumatisation of the temporal bone.

PURPOSE: To analyse the degree of pneumatisation of the temporal bone when there is an association between dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal and dehiscence of the tegmen tympani. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed a retrospective CT study of 124 selected cases. A single inclusion criterion was applied: the presence of a dehiscence of the tegmen tympani. On the other hand, the degree of temporal pneumatisation was assessed by axial and coronal planes, and has been divided into the following grades O, I, II and III, according to the status and relationship of the mastoid, the bony labyrinth, the petrous segment of the carotid canal and sigmoid sinus. RESULTS: Of the 124 cases studied, 35 (28.2%) presented both dehiscences. In 26 of the 35 (47.3%), grade II pneumatisation, 4 (14,8%), grade I, and 5 (11,9%) grade III was observed, with a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001). On the other hand, we did not find a significant relationship when relating both dehiscences in any age or sex group. However, when relating the degree of pneumatisation to sex, among those with grade III pneumatisation, the proportion of men (52.4%) was significantly higher than that of women (47.6%) (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: We have detected a statistically significant relationship between the coexistence of grade II pneumatisation and the presence of both dehiscences in the temporal bone.

Photon Counting Versus Energy-integrated Detector CT in Detection of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence.

BACKGROUND: Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD), an osseous defect overlying the SSC, is associated with a constellation of audiovestibular symptoms. This study sought to compare conventional energy-integrated detector (EID) computed tomography (CT) to photon-counting detector (PCD)-CT in the detection of SSCD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Included patients were prospectively recruited to undergo a temporal bone CT on both EID-CT and PCD-CT scanners. Two blinded neuroradiologists reviewed both sets of images for 1) the presence or absence of SSCD (graded as present, absent, or indeterminate), and 2) the width of the bone overlying the SSC (if present). Any discrepancies in the presence or absence of SSCD were agreed upon by consensus. RESULTS: In the study 31 patients were evaluated, for a total of 60 individual temporal bones (2 were excluded). Regarding SSCD presence or absence, there was substantial agreement between EID-CT and PCD-CT (k = 0.76; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.54-0.97); however, SSCD was present in only 9 (15.0%) temporal bones on PCD-CT, while EID-CT examinations were interpreted as being positive in 14 (23.3%) temporal bones. This yielded a false positive rate of 8.3% on EID-CT. The bone overlying the SSC was thinner on EID-CT images (0.66 mm; SD = 0.64) than on PCD-CT images (0.72 mm; SD = 0.66) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The EID-CT examinations tend to overcall the presence of SSCD compared to PCD-CT and also underestimate the thickness of bone overlying the SSC.

Evaluation of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), Simubone™, and photopolymer resin as 3D printed temporal bone models for surgical simulation.

OBJECTIVES: Among types of 3D printing, fused deposition modeling (FDM) and digital light processing (DLP) are the most accessible, making them attractive, low-cost options for simulating surgical procedures. This study characterized and compared inexpensive, synthetic temporal bone models printed using Resin, PETG, and Simubone™. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study compared models made of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), Simubone™ produced from a FDM printer, and photopolymer resin from a DLP printer. These temporal bone models were processed by: (1) DICOM files from a patient's CT scan were segmented to define critical parts expected in a temporal bone surgery. (2) The model was appended with a base that articulates with a 3D-printed temporal bone holder. (3) The refined, patient-specific model was manufactured using FDM and DLP printing technologies. (4) The models were sent to evaluators, who assessed the models based on anatomic accuracy, dissection experience, and its applicability as a surgical simulation tool for temporal bone dissection. RESULTS: The photopolymer resin outperformed PETG and Simubone™ in terms of anatomical accuracy and dissection experience. Additionally, resin and PETG were evaluated to be appropriate for simple mastoidectomy and canal wall down mastoidectomy while Simubone™ was only suitable for simple mastoidectomy. All models were unsuitable for posterior tympanotomy and labyrinthectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Photopolymer resin and PETG have shown to be suitable materials for dissection models with 3D-printed resin models showing more accuracy in replicating anatomical structures and dissection experience. Hence, the use of 3D-printed temporal bones may be a suitable low-cost alternative to cadaveric dissection.

Evaluation of Eustachian tube dimensions by temporal bone computed tomography in patients with chronic otitis media.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the relationship between Eustachian tube dimensions and chronic otitis media aetiology using temporal bone computed tomography. METHODS: The data of 231 adults who had undergone surgery for unilateral chronic otitis media were reviewed retrospectively. Diseased and healthy ears were enrolled in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 1A included chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma (n = 28) and group 1B included chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma (n = 203). The Eustachian tube dimensions of groups 1 and 2 were compared, to clarify the relationship between the Eustachian tube dimensions and chronic otitis media aetiology. Groups 1A and 1B were compared to assess the effect of Eustachian tube dimensions on cholesteatoma development. RESULTS: The Eustachian tube was shorter, narrower and located more horizontally in ears with chronic otitis media. No significant difference was found between groups 1A and 1B. CONCLUSION: Eustachian tube dimensions are closely related to chronic otitis media aetiopathology, but are not related to cholesteatoma development.

Audiologic Consequences of Gunshot Wounds to the Temporal Bone Show No Relation to Concomitant Neurologic or Vascular Injuries.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate audiologic consequences of gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the temporal bone (TB), and to correlate hearing outcomes with neurologic and vascular injuries adjacent to the temporal bone. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: University-based level-one trauma center. METHODS: Retrospective review of 35 patients surviving TB ballistic injury, 2012 to 2021. Main outcomes were audiologic results. Demographics, concomitant injuries, CT, and interventions were reviewed. RESULTS: Mean age was 30.7 years; 80% male. Seventeen patients (48.6%) underwent audiologic testing. Mean pure tone average (PTA) was 75 ± 35 dB, bone line average 41 ± 26 dB, and speech discrimination score (SDS) 60 ± 43%. Nineteen (54.3%) demonstrated facial nerve injury (FNI), who were more likely to show SNHL especially anacusis, though their mean PTA and SDS were not statistically different from those without (P = .30 and .47, respectively). Radiographic review of those with sensorineural loss (SNHL, 6/17) revealed otic capsule-disrupting fracture (n = 2), pneumolabyrinth (n = 2), intracranial hemorrhage (n = 3). Those with mixed loss (6/17) showed otic capsule-sparing fracture (n = 6), EAC injury (n = 5), ossicular discontinuity (n = 2), and intracranial hemorrhage (n = 4). Two with mastoid tip fractures alone had normal audiograms. Audiometric outcomes were not predicted by concomitant CSF leak, spinal injuries, vascular injuries, cranial neuropathies, or traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSIONS: All patterns of hearing loss-conductive, sensorineural, mixed and normal-may be seen following TB ballistic injuries. Trauma severe enough to disrupt the facial nerve is more likely to cause anacusis. However, all should be formally evaluated, since ballistic injuries complicated by neurologic or vascular damage do not necessarily correlate with worse audiologic outcomes, while patients with minimal fractures may demonstrate losses.

Further Validity Evidence for Patient-Specific Virtual Reality Temporal Bone Surgical Simulation.

OBJECTIVE: Patient-specific virtual reality (VR) simulation of cochlear implant (CI) surgery potentially enables preoperative rehearsal and planning. We aim to gather supporting validity evidence for patient-specific simulation through the analysis of virtual performance and comparison with postoperative imaging. METHODS: Prospective, multi-institutional study. Pre- and postoperative cone-beam CT scans of CI surgical patients were obtained and processed for patient-specific VR simulation. The virtual performances of five trainees and four attendings were recorded and (1) compared with volumes removed during actual surgery as determined in postoperative imaging, and (2) assessed using the Copenhagen Cochlear Implant Surgery Assessment Tool (CISAT) by two blinded raters. The volumes compared were cortical mastoidectomy, facial recess, and round window (RW) cochleostomy as well as violation of the facial nerve and chorda. RESULTS: Trainees drilled more volume in the cortical mastoidectomy and facial recess, whereas attendings drilled more volume for the RW cochleostomy and made more violations. Except for the cochleostomy, attendings removed volumes closer to that determined in postoperative imaging. Trainees achieved a higher CISAT performance score compared with attendings (22.0 vs. 18.4 points) most likely due to lack of certain visual cues. CONCLUSION: We found that there were differences in performance of trainees and attendings in patient-specific VR simulation of CI surgery as assessed by raters and in comparison with actual drilled volumes. The presented approach of volume comparison is novel and might be used for further validation of patient-specific VR simulation before clinical implementation for preoperative rehearsal in temporal bone surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: n/a Laryngoscope, 134:1403-1409, 2024.

The clinical availability of facial nerve enhancement in temporal bone MRI for the patients of idiopathic acute peripheral facial palsy.

PURPOSE: This study is to evaluate the duration of facial nerve enhancement in gadolinium-enhanced temporal bone MRI after the onset of acute facial palsy. METHODS: Gd-enhanced MRI imagines were examined in 13 patients with idiopathic acute facial palsy within 14 days after the onset. The degree of facial nerve function was measured according to the House-Brackmann (H-B) grading system at their first visit at outpatient clinic. The follow-up MRI was taken about 16.5 months (7-24 months) after onset of disease. The degree of facial nerve enhancement was measured with signal intensity (SI) which was quantitatively analyzed using the region-of-interest (ROI) measurements for each segment of the facial nerve. SI was statistically analyzed by comparing SI values of contralateral site and ipsilateral site using the paired t test with SPSS program. RESULTS: The gadolinium enhancement was statistically increased at labyrinthine segment and geniculate ganglion area of facial nerve at initial temporal bone MRI. The gadolinium enhancement was statistically decreased at all the segments of facial nerve except tympanic segment (p < 0.05) at follow-up MRI. CONCLUSIONS: The facial nerve enhancement in Gd-enhanced MRI images prolonged more than 21 months of the onset. The newly developed pathologic lesions of acute facial palsy especially occur at the site of labyrinthine and geniculate ganglion.

Investigating the Effects of Trigeminal Impression and Internal Acoustic Opening Morphology Differences for Possible Surgical Applications.

PURPOSE: The exhaustive information regarding the types of trigeminal pore (TP) or trigeminal impression (TI), internal acoustic opening (IAO), and related surgical approaches is lacking in the literature. Therefore, this study is performed to further elucidate the types of TP or TI, IAO, and the relationships with critical surgical landmarks in the skull base. METHODS: Trigeminal impression (TI) and internal acoustic opening (IAO) found in 11 dry skulls, 24 right temporal bones, and 25 left temporal bones were examined on both sides to define their relationship to each other and nearby structures. The age and sex of these bones were not identified. Besides these, 77 skulls were examined by radiologic imaging methods. These skulls were identified by gender. RESULTS: According to test results, there was a significant difference between the left and right internal acoustic opening in the case of horizontal dimension (HD). The left HD-IAO is bigger than the right one. In addition, right HD-IAO, vertical dimension (VD) of right internal acoustic opening, left HD-IAO, and left VD-IAO values differed significantly in male and female patients. CONCLUSIONS: Investigating the relationship of TI and IAO with relevant structures suggests that surgical approaches involving the TP and IAO indicated that surgical approaches considering the TI and IAO variations may be used in the development of surgical processes and primary surgical interventions.

Utility of deep learning for the diagnosis of cochlear malformation on temporal bone CT.

OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis of cochlear malformation on temporal bone CT images is often difficult. Our aim was to assess the utility of deep learning analysis in diagnosing cochlear malformation on temporal bone CT images. METHODS: A total of 654 images from 165 temporal bone CTs were divided into the training set (n = 534) and the testing set (n = 120). A target region that includes the area of the cochlear was extracted to create a diagnostic model. 4 models were used: ResNet10, ResNet50, SE-ResNet50, and DenseNet121. The testing data set was subsequently analyzed using these models and by 4 doctors. RESULTS: The areas under the curve was 0.91, 0.94, 0.93, and 0.73 in ResNet10, ResNet50, SE-ResNet50, and DenseNet121. The accuracy of ResNet10, ResNet50, and SE-ResNet50 is better than chief physician. CONCLUSIONS: Deep learning technique implied a promising prospect for clinical application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of cochlear malformation based on CT images.

Gun shot injuries to the temporal bone: Anatomic predictors of mortality.

PURPOSE: To explore anatomic predictors of mortality from gunshot wounds involving the temporal bone. METHODS: A retrospective search of radiology reports was performed for all patients with CT reports suggestive of gunshot wounds (GSW) to the TB (2000-2020). All cases were reviewed by the senior author to confirm injury to the temporal bone. Detailed demographic and radiographic data were collected. MAIN FINDINGS: A total of 120 patients met inclusion criteria. The majority of patients were male (n = 101) and the average age was 32.9. The squamosa was the most commonly involved subsite (n = 90), followed by the mastoid (n = 43). Squamosal entry site had the highest associated mortality (89.7 %). For those with known disposition, 65.8 % (79 of 120) expired on the same hospital admission. Inpatient otolaryngology consultation was noted in 18.3 % (n = 22) of patients, with poor outpatient follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This series represents the largest survey of GSW to the temporal bone to date. Although associated mortality is high and outpatient follow-up poor, otolaryngologists should be aware of associated morbidities to facilitate both inpatient and subsequent outpatient management.

Quantitative anatomy of the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone in the human fetus.

Detailed numerical data about the development of primary ossification centers in human fetuses may influence both better evaluation and early detection of skeletal dysplasias, which are associated with delayed development and mineralization of ossification centers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the medical literature to morphometrically analyze the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone in human fetuses based on computed tomography imaging. The present study offers a precise quantitative foundation for ossification of the squamous part of temporal bone that may contribute to enhanced prenatal care and improved outcomes for fetuses with inherited cranial defects and skeletodysplasias. The examinations were carried out on 37 human fetuses of both sexes (16 males and 21 females) aged 18-30 weeks of gestation, which had been preserved in 10% neutral formalin solution. Using CT, digital image analysis software, 3D reconstruction and statistical methods, the size of the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone was evaluated. With neither sex nor laterality differences, the best-fit growth patterns for the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone was modelled by the linear function: y = -0.7270 + 0.7682 × age ± 1.256 for its vertical diameter, and the four-degree polynomial functions: y = 5.434 + 0.000019 × (age)4 ± 1.617 for its sagittal diameter, y = -4.086 + 0.00029 × (age)4 ± 2.230 for its projection surface area and y = -25.213 + 0.0004 × (age)4 ± 3.563 for its volume. The CT-based numerical data and growth patterns of the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone may serve as age-specific normative intervals of relevance for gynecologists, obstetricians, pediatricians and radiologists during screening ultrasound scans of fetuses. Our findings for the growing primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone may be conducive in daily clinical practice, while ultrasonically monitoring normal fetal growth and screening for inherited cranial faults and skeletodysplasias.

Evaluation of the Radiological Anatomy of the Temporal Bone Air Spaces and Morphometric Analysis in Turkish Healthy Adults / Evaluación de la Anatomía Radiológica de los Espacios Aéreos del Hueso Temporal y Análisis Morfométrico en Adultos Turcos Sanos

SUMMARY: The temporal bone is a complicate structure which located on the lateral skull. The objective of the present study was to determine the temporal bone air spaces' morphometry, morphology, and pneumatization in Turkish healthy adult people. This retrospective observational study was carried out from 82 subjects (47 males, 35 females) aged 18-69 years. The external auditory canal and related structures' diameters and the volume of these areas were evaluated. The means and standard deviations of the Meatus acusticus externus length (MAEL), meatus acusticus externus pars cartilaginea length (MAEcL), meatus acusticus externus pars ossea length (MAEoL), meatus acusticus externus pars cartilaginea surface (MAEcS), meatus acusticus externus pars ossea surface (MAEoS), meatus acusticus externus volume (MAEV), meatus acusticus externus pars cartilaginea volume (MAEcV), meatus acusticus externus pars ossea volume (MAEoV), processus mastoideus air cells volume (PMACV), cavum tympani volume (CTV), and temporale pneumatic spaces volume (OTPSV) were found as 23.21±3.70 mm, 12.69±3.72 mm, 7.80±3.70 mm, 669.89±107.7 mm2, 267.50±30.51 mm2, 743.50±119.6 mm3, 971.97±156.69 mm3, 419.51±48.67 mm3, 5915.93±650.34 mm3, 673.48±91.93 mm3, 7813.34±717.49 mm3 have found in 82 subjects, respectively. In this paper, the morphometric and volume properties of the temporal bone cavities measurements were significantly higher in males than females. These results may both provide reference values of Turkish healthy population, and lead to decrease potential surgical complications about temporal and mastoid regions.

El hueso temporal es una compleja estructura ubicada en el parte lateral del cráneo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la morfometría, morfología y neumatización de los espacios aéreos del hueso temporal en individuos adultos turcos sanos. Este estudio observacional retrospectivo que se llevó a cabo en 82 sujetos (47 hombres, 35 mujeres) de entre 18 y 69 años. Se evaluaron los diámetros del meato acústico externo y las estructuras relacionadas y el volumen de estas áreas. Las medias y las desviaciones estándar de la longitud del meato acústico externo (MAEL), la longitud de la parte cartilaginosa del meato acústico externo (MAEcL), la longitud de la parte ósea del meato acústico externo (MAEoL), la superficie de la parte cartilaginosa del meato acústico externo (MAEcS), la superficie de la parte ósea del meato acústico externo (MAEoS), volumen del meato acústico externo (MAEV), volumen de la parte cartilaginosa del meato acústico externo (MAEcV), volumen de la parte ósea del meato acústico externo (MAEoV), volumen de las células aéreas del proceso mastoideo (PMACV), volumen del cavum tympani (CTV) y el volumen de los espacios neumáticos temporales (OTPSV) se encontró como 23,21 ± 3,70 mm, 12,69 ± 3,72 mm, 7,80 ± 3,70 mm, 669,89 ± 107,7 mm2, 267,50 ± 30,51 mm2, 743,50 ± 119,6 mm3, 971,97 ± 156,69 mm3, 419,5. 1±48,67 mm3, 5915,93 ± 650,34 mm3, 673,48 ± 91,93 mm3, 7813,34 ± 717,49 mm3, respectivamente. En este artículo, las propiedades morfométricas y de volumen de las mediciones de las cavidades del hueso temporal fueron significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres. Estos resultados pueden proporcionar valores de referencia de la población sana turca y conducir a una disminución de las posibles complicaciones quirúrgicas en las regiones temporal y mastoidea.